TICI-RANKIN mismatch: Poor clinical outcome despite complete endovascular reperfusion in the ETIS Registry.

INTRODUCTION: Endovascular treatment (EVT) is a well-established technic for acute ischemic stroke, but despite a high recanalization rate of near 80%, at 3 months roughly 50% of patients have a poor functional outcome with a modified Rankin score (mRS) ≥3. The aim of this study was to determine predictive factors of poor functional outcomes in patients with complete recanalization after EVT, defined as modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (mTICI) 3. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective analysis based on the prospective multicenter ETIS registry (endovascular treatment in ischemic stroke) in France included 795 patients from January 2015 and November 2019 with acute ischemic stroke due to anterior circulation occlusion and prestroke mRS 0-1, treated with EVT and who achieved complete recanalization. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify predictive factors of poor functional outcome. RESULTS: 365 patients (46%) showed a poor functional outcome (mRS>2). In backward-stepwise logistic regression analysis, poor functional outcome was independently associated with older age (OR per 10-year increase, 1.51; 95%CI, 1.30 to 1.75), higher admission NIHSS (OR per 1 point increase, 1.28; 95%CI, 1.21 to 1.34), absence of prior intravenous thrombolysis (OR, 0.59; 95%CI, 0.39 to 0.90), and an unfavorable 24-hour NIHSS change (24h-baseline) (OR, 0.82; 95%CI, 0.79 to 0.87). We calculated that patients whose 24h NIHSS decreased by less than 5 points are more at risk of a poor outcome, with a sensitivity and a specificity of 65.0%. CONCLUSION: Despite complete reperfusion after EVT, half of patients had a poor clinical outcome. These patients, who were mainly older with a high initial NIHSS and an unfavorable post-EVT 24h NIHSS change, could represent a target population for early neurorepair and neurorestorative strategies.

Surgical or Endovascular Treatment of MCA Aneurysms: An Agreement Study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: MCA aneurysms are still commonly clipped surgically despite the recent development of a number of endovascular tools and techniques. We measured clinical uncertainty by studying the reliability of decisions made for patients with middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A portfolio of 60 MCA aneurysms was presented to surgical and endovascular specialists who were asked whether they considered surgery or endovascular treatment to be an option, whether they would consider recruitment of the patient in a randomized trial, and whether they would provide their final management recommendation. Agreement was studied using κ statistics. Intrarater reliability was assessed with the same, permuted portfolio of cases of MCA aneurysm sent to the same specialists 1 month later. RESULTS: Surgical management was the preferred option for neurosurgeons (n = 844/1320; [64%] responses/22 raters), while endovascular treatment was more commonly chosen by interventional neuroradiologists (1149/1500 [76.6%] responses/25 raters). Interrater agreement was only "slight" for all cases and all judges (κ = 0.094; 95% CI, 0.068-0.130). Agreement was no better within specialties or with more experience. On delayed requestioning, 11 of 35 raters (31%) disagreed with themselves on at least 20% of cases. Surgical management and endovascular treatment were always judged to be a treatment option, for all patients. Trial participation was offered to patients 65% of the time. CONCLUSIONS: Individual clinicians did not agree regarding the best management of patients with MCA aneurysms. A randomized trial comparing endovascular with surgical management of patients with MCA aneurysms is in order.

General anesthesia or conscious sedation for endovascular therapy of basilar artery occlusions: ETIS registry results.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Acute basilar artery occlusions (BAO) are associated with poor outcome despite modern endovascular treatment (EVT). The best anesthetic management during EVT is not known and may affect the procedure and clinical outcome. We compared the efficacy and safety of general anesthesia (GA) and conscious sedation/local anesthesia (CS/LA) in a large cohort of stroke patients with BAO treated with EVT in current clinical practice. METHODS: Data from the ongoing prospective multicenter Endovascular Treatment In Ischemic Stroke Registry of consecutive acute BAO patients who had EVT indication from January 1st, 2015, to December 31st, 2021, were retrospectively analyzed. Two groups were compared: patients treated with CS/LA versus GA (both types of anesthesia being performed in the angiosuite). Good outcome was defined as modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score 0-3 at 90 days. RESULTS: Among the 524 included patients, 266 had GA and 246 had CS/LA (67 LA). Fifty-three patients finally did not undergo EVT: 15 patients (5.9%) in the GA group and 38 patients (16.1%) in the CS/LA group (P < 0.001). After matching, two groups of 129 patients each were retained for primary analysis. The two groups were well balanced in terms of baseline characteristics. After adjustment, CS/LA compared to GA was not associated with good outcome (OR=0.90 [95%CI 0.46-1.77] P=0.769) or mortality (OR=0.75 [0.37-1.49] P=0.420) or modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction score 2b-3 (OR=0.43 [0.16-1.16] P=0.098). On mixed ordinal logistic regression, the modality of anesthesia was not associated with any significant change in the overall distribution of the 90-day mRS (adjusted OR=1.08 [0.62-1.88] P=0.767). CONCLUSIONS: Safety, outcome and quality of EVT under either CS/LA or GA for stroke due to acute BAO appear similar. Further randomized trials are warranted.

Prospective assessment of aneurysmal rupture risk scores in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: a multicentric cohort.

PURPOSE: The natural evolution of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIA) is indeed difficult to predict at the individual level. OBJECTIVE: In a large prospective multicentric European cohort, we aimed to evaluate whether the PHASES, UCAS, and ELPASS scores in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage would have predicted a high risk of aneurysmal rupture or growth. METHODS: Academic centers treating patients with intracranial aneurysms were invited to prospectively collect de-identified data from all patients admitted at their institution for a subarachnoid hemorrhage-related to intracranial aneurysmal rupture between January 1 and March 31, 2021 through a trainee-led research collaborative network. Each responding center was provided with an electronic case record form (CRF) which collected all the elements of the PHASES, ELAPSS, and UCAS scores. RESULTS: A total of 319 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage were included at 17 centers during a 3-month period. One hundred eighty-three aneurysms (57%) were less than 7 mm. The majority of aneurysms were located on the anterior communicating artery (n = 131, 41%). One hundred eighty-four patients (57%), 103 patients (32%), and 58 (18%) were classified as having a low risk of rupture or growth, according to the PHASES, UCAS, and ELAPSS scores, respectively. CONCLUSION: In a prospective study of European patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, we showed that 3 common risk-assessment tools designed for patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms would have not identified most patients to be at high or intermediate risk for rupture, questioning their use for decision-making in the setting of unruptured aneurysms.

Safety and Efficacy of Cangrelor in Acute Stroke Treated with Mechanical Thrombectomy: Endovascular Treatment of Ischemic Stroke Registry and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Rescue therapies are increasingly used in the setting of endovascular therapy for large-vessel occlusion strokes. Among these, cangrelor, a new P2Y12 inhibitor, offers promising pharmacologic properties to join the reperfusion strategies in acute stroke. We assessed the safety and efficacy profiles of cangrelor combined with endovascular therapy in patients with large-vessel-occlusion stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective patient data analysis in the ongoing prospective multicenter observational Endovascular Treatment in Ischemic Stroke Registry in France from July 2018 to December 2020 and conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis using several data bases. Indications for cangrelor administration were rescue strategy in case of refractory intracranial occlusion with or without intracranial rescue stent placement, and cervical carotid artery stent placement in case of cervical occlusion (tandem occlusion or isolated cervical carotid occlusion). RESULTS: In the clinical registry, 44 patients were included (median initial NIHSS score, 12; prior intravenous thrombolysis, 29.5%). Intracranial stent placement was performed in 54.5% (n = 24/44), and cervical stent placement, in 27.3% (n = 12/44). Adjunctive aspirin and heparin were administered in 75% (n = 33/44) and 40.9% (n = 18/44), respectively. Rates of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage, parenchymal hematoma, and 90-day mortality were 9.5% (n = 4/42), 9.5% (n = 4/42), and 24.4% (n = 10/41). Favorable outcome (90-day mRS, 0-2) was reached in 51.2% (n = 21/41), and successful reperfusion, in 90.9% (n = 40/44). The literature search identified 6 studies involving a total of 171 subjects. In the meta-analysis, including our series data, symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage occurred in 8.6% of patients (95% CI, 5.0%-14.3%) and favorable outcome was reached in 47.6% of patients (95% CI, 27.4%-68.7%). The 90-day mortality rate was 22.6% (95% CI, 13.6%-35.2%). Day 1 artery patency was observed in 89.7% (95% CI, 81.4%-94.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Cangrelor offers promising safety and efficacy profiles, especially considering the complex endovascular reperfusion procedures in which it is usually applied. Further large prospective data are required to confirm these findings.

A Multicenter Preliminary Study of Cangrelor following Thrombectomy Failure for Refractory Proximal Intracranial Occlusions.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Rescue endovascular and pharmacologic approaches are increasingly being adopted after recanalization failure of acute large-vessel occlusion strokes with mechanical thrombectomy, with encouraging results. The safety and efficacy of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in ischemic stroke have been investigated, though cangrelor, a recent intravenous P2Y12-receptor inhibitor with a rapid onset/offset of action and a short half-life, may be a valuable option. We compared the safety and efficacy of cangrelor with those of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors for refractory occlusions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of the ongoing prospective, multicenter, observational Endovascular Treatment in Ischemic Stroke Registry in France between May 2012 and February 2020. Refractory intracranial occlusions of the anterior and posterior circulation were included and defined as recanalization failure of large-vessel occlusion stroke, perioperative target artery reocclusion, or high risk of early reocclusion related to an arterial wall lesion. The primary end point was a favorable outcome, defined as a 90-day mRS of 0-2. Secondary end points were reperfusion, intracranial hemorrhage, and procedural complications. RESULTS: Among 69 patients, 15 were treated with cangrelor, and 54, with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. The favorable outcome (adjusted OR = 2.22; 95% CI, 0.42-11.75; P = .348) and mortality (adjusted OR = 0.44; 95% CI, 0.06-3.16; P = .411) rates were similar in both groups. There was no difference in the rates of any intracranial hemorrhage (adjusted OR = 0.40; 95% CI, 0.08-2.09; P = .280), symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (6.7% versus 0.0%, P = .058), or procedural complications (6.7% versus 20.4%, P = .215). Reperfusion rates were higher in the cangrelor group, though the difference did not reach statistical significance (93.3% versus 75.0% for modified TICI 2b-3; adjusted OR =10.88; 95% CI, 0.96-123.84; P = .054). CONCLUSIONS: Cangrelor seems to be as safe as glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors for managing refractory intracranial occlusion and leads to satisfactory brain reperfusion. Cangrelor is a promising agent in this setting, and additional studies are warranted to confirm our findings.

Prognosis and risk factors associated with asymptomatic intracranial hemorrhage after endovascular treatment of large vessel occlusion stroke: a prospective multicenter cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Asymptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (aICH) is a common occurrence after endovascular treatment (EVT) for acute ischemic stroke (AIS). The aims of this study were to address its impact on 3-month functional outcome and to identify risk factors for aICH after EVT. METHODS: Patients with AIS attributable to anterior circulation large vessel occlusion who underwent EVT were enrolled in a multicenter prospective registry. Based on imaging performed 22-36 h post-EVT, we included patients with no intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) or aICH. Poor outcome defined as a 3-month modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score 4-6 and overall 3-month mRS score distribution were compared according to presence/absence of aICH, and aICH subtype using logistic regression. We assessed the risk factors of aICH using a multivariate logistic regression model. RESULTS: Of the 1526 patients included in the study, 653 (42.7%) had aICH. Patients with aICH had a higher rate of poor outcome: odds ratio (OR) 1.88 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.44-2.44). Shift analysis of mRS score found a fully adjusted OR of 1.79 (95% CI 1.47-2.18). Hemorrhagic infarction (OR 1.63 [95% CI 1.22-2.18]) and parenchymal hematoma (OR 2.99 [95% CI 1.77-5.02]) were associated with higher risk of poor outcome. Male sex, diabetes, coronary artery disease, baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score and Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score, number of passes and onset to groin puncture time were independently associated with aICH. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with aICH, irrespective of the radiological pattern, have a worse functional outcome at 3 months compared with those without ICH after EVT for AIS. The number of EVT passes and the time from onset to groin puncture are factors that could be modified to reduce deleterious ICH.

Neurological improvement predicts clinical outcome after acute basilar artery stroke thrombectomy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is the standard of care for patients with anterior circulation large vessel occlusion. Early neurological improvement (ENI), defined as a reduction of ≥ 8 on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) compared with baseline score, or an NIHSS score of 0 or 1 at 24 h after MT, is a strong predictor of 3-month favorable outcome in such patients. The impact of ENI after MT in stroke patients with basilar artery occlusion (BAO) on 3-month outcome is not clear. We aimed to study the effects of ENI in patients with BAO. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of a multicenter prospective cohort of all consecutive stroke patients with BAO who underwent MT. We compared clinical outcomes between BAO patient groups according to ENI status. Multivariate analyses were performed to determine the impact of ENI on favorable 90-day outcome (modified Rankin scale score 0-3) and to report factors contributing to ENI. RESULTS: A total of 237 patients were included. ENI was observed in 70 patients (30%). Outcomes were significantly better in ENI-positive patients, with 84% achieving favorable outcome (mRS score 0-3) at 3 months versus 30% for ENI-negative patients (P < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, ENI was an independent predictive factor associated with higher rates of favorable outcome {odds ratio (OR) 18.12 [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.95-83.10]; P = 0.0001}. Higher number of passes [OR 0.62 (95% CI 0.43-0.89); P = 0.010] and need for stenting [OR 0.27 (95% CI 0.07-0.95); P = 0.041] were negatively associated with ENI. CONCLUSION: Early neurological improvement on day 1 following MT for BAO is a strong independent predictor of a favorable 3-month clinical outcome.

Clot Burden Score and Collateral Status and Their Impact on Functional Outcome in Acute Ischemic Stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Collateral status and thrombus length have been independently associated with functional outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke. It has been suggested that thrombus length would influence functional outcome via interaction with the collateral circulation. We investigated the individual and combined effects of thrombus length assessed by the clot burden score and collateral status assessed by a FLAIR vascular hyperintensity-ASPECTS rating system on functional outcome (mRS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with anterior circulation acute ischemic stroke due to large-vessel occlusion from the ASTER and THRACE trials treated with endovascular thrombectomy were pooled. The clot burden score and FLAIR vascular hyperintensity score were determined on MR imaging obtained before endovascular thrombectomy. Favorable outcome was defined as an mRS score of 0-2 at 90 days. Association of the clot burden score and the FLAIR vascular hyperintensity score with favorable outcome (individual effect and interaction) was examined using logistic regression models. RESULTS: Of the 326 patients treated by endovascular thrombectomy with both the clot burden score and FLAIR vascular hyperintensity assessment, favorable outcome was observed in 165 (51%). The rate of favorable outcome increased with clot burden score (smaller clots) and FLAIR vascular hyperintensity (better collaterals) values. The association between clot burden score and functional outcome was significantly modified by the FLAIR vascular hyperintensity score, and this association was stronger in patients with good collaterals, with an adjusted OR = 6.15 (95% CI, 1.03-36.81). CONCLUSIONS: The association between the clot burden score and functional outcome varied for different collateral scores. The FLAIR vascular hyperintensity score might be a valuable prognostic factor, especially when contrast-based vascular imaging is not available.

Characterization of 3D bifurcations in micro-scan and MRA-TOF images of cerebral vasculature for prediction of intra-cranial aneurysms.

An aneurysm is a vascular disorder where ballooning may form in a weakened section of the wall in the blood vessel. The swelling of the aneurysm may lead to its rupture. Intra-cranial aneurysms are the ones presenting the higher risks. If ruptured, the aneurysm may induce a subarachnoid haemorrhage which could lead to premature death or permanent disability. In this study, we are interested in locating and characterizing the bifurcations of the cerebral vascular tree. We use a 3D skeletonization combined with a graph-based approach to detect the bifurcations. In this work, we thus propose a full geometric characterisation of the bifurcations and related arteries. Aside from any genetic predisposition and environmental risk factors, the geometry of the brain vasculature may influence the chance of aneurysm formation. Among the main achievements, in this paper, we propose accurate, predictive 3D measurements of the bifurcations and we furthermore estimate the risk of occurrence of an aneurysm on a given bifurcation.

Two-layered susceptibility vessel sign is associated with biochemically quantified thrombus red blood cell content.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Better characterization of the thrombus could be useful to determine acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) aetiology and predict response to thrombolysis and endovascular therapy (EVT). To test the hypothesis that susceptibility vessel sign (SVS) on baseline magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is related to red blood cell (RBC) content of AIS thrombi, the total haemoglobin contents (HbCs) of AIS thrombi retrieved by EVT from patients with or without SVS or two-layered SVS (TLSVS) were compared. METHODS: Baseline MRI of 84 anterior AIS patients was reviewed by neuro-radiologists blinded to clinical and biochemical data. Thrombi from these patients were retrieved by EVT and analysed for HbC by quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and measurement of haem concentration. RESULTS: Susceptibility vessel sign and TLSVS were respectively observed in 85.7% and 50.0% of cases. The median HbC content was 253 µg/mg thrombus (interquartile range 177-333) and the median haem content was 219 µg/mg thrombus (131-264). Thrombus HbC and haem content were highly correlated with thrombus RBC content determined by flow cytometry (r = 0.94). Thrombi from patients with TLSVS weighed more [31.1 (16.5-68.3) mg vs. 17.7 (11.7-33.3) mg; P = 0.005] and had a higher HbC content [278 (221-331) µg/mg vs. 196 (139-301) µg/mg; P = 0.010] compared to thrombi from patients without TLSVS. There was no difference in thrombus weight or HbC content according to SVS status. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that TLSVS is significantly associated with a higher thrombus weight and RBC content, as determined by quantitative assays.

[Basal ganglia calcification]. / Calcifications des noyaux gris centraux.

Calcifications of the basal ganglia are frequently seen on the cerebral CT scans and particularly in the globus pallidus. Their frequency increases physiologically with age after 50 years old. However, pathological processes can also be associated with calcium deposits in the gray nuclei, posterior fossa or white matter. Unilateral calcification is often related to an acquired origin whereas bilateral ones are mostly linked to an acquired or genetic origin that will be sought after eliminating a perturbation of phosphocalcic metabolism. In pathological contexts, these calcifications may be accompanied by neurological symptoms related to the underlying disease: Parkinson's syndrome, psychiatric and cognitive disorders, epilepsy or headache. The purpose of this article is to provide a diagnostic aid, in addition to clinical and biology, through the analysis of calcification topography and the study of different MRI sequences.

First-Line Sofia Aspiration Thrombectomy Approach within the Endovascular Treatment of Ischemic Stroke Multicentric Registry: Efficacy, Safety, and Predictive Factors of Success.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: After publications on the effectiveness of mechanical thrombectomy by stent retrievers in acute ischemic stroke with large-vessel occlusion, alternative endovascular approaches have been proposed using first-line aspiration catheters. Several devices are currently available to perform A Direct Aspiration First Pass Technique. The Sofia catheter aspiration has been widely used by interventionalists, but data are scarce about its efficacy and safety. Our aim was to report our multicenter thrombectomy experience with first-line Sofia catheter aspiration and to identify independent prognostic factors of clinical and procedural outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of the prospectively maintained Endovascular Treatment of Ischemic Stroke multicentric registry. Data from consecutive patients who benefited from thrombectomy with a first-line Sofia approach between January 2013 and April 2018 were studied. We excluded other first-line approaches (stent retriever or combined aspiration and stent retriever) and extracranial occlusions. Baseline characteristics, procedural data, and angiographic and clinical outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: During the study period, 296 patients were treated. Mean age and initial NIHSS score were, respectively, 69.5 years and 16. Successful reperfusion, defined by the modified TICI 2b/3, was obtained in 86.1% (n = 255; 95% CI, 81.7%-89.9%). Complete reperfusion (modified TICI 3) was obtained in 41.2% (n = 122; 95% CI, 35.5%-47.1%). A first-pass effect was achieved in 24.2% (n = 71; 95% CI, 19.4%-29.6%). A rescue stent retriever approach was required in 29.7% (n = 88; 95% CI, 24.6%-35.3%). The complication rate was 9.5% (n = 28; 95% CI, 6.4%-13.5%). Forty-three percent (n = 122; 95% CI, 37.1%-48.9%) of patients presented with a favorable 3-month outcome (mRS ≤ 2). Older age, M1-occlusion topography, and intravenous thrombolysis use prior to thrombectomy were independent predictors of the first-pass effect. CONCLUSIONS: The first-line contact aspiration approach appeared safe and efficient with Sofia catheters. These devices achieved very high reperfusion rates with a low requirement for stent retriever rescue therapy, especially for M1 occlusions.

MRI Quantitative T2* Mapping to Predict Dominant Composition of In Vitro Thrombus.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: MR imaging quantitative T2* mapping, which provides information about thrombus composition and specifically the red blood cell content, may be obtained in the setting of acute ischemic stroke before treatment. This could be useful to adapt the endovascular strategy. We aimed to analyze the red blood cell content of in vitro thrombi in relation to the thrombus-T2* relaxation time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-five thrombus analogs of different compositions were scanned with an MR imaging quantitative T2* mapping sequence. Two radiologists, blinded to thrombus composition, measured the thrombus-T2* relaxation time twice at an interval of 2 weeks. Quantitative histologic evaluations of red blood cell content were performed. Inter- and intraobserver reproducibility of the thrombus-T2* relaxation time was assessed by calculating intraclass correlation coefficients. Finally, a Spearman product moment correlation between the thrombus-T2* relaxation time and red blood cell content was performed. RESULTS: The median thrombus-T2* relaxation time was 78.5 ms (range, 16-268 ms; interquartile range, 60.5 ms). The median red blood cell content was 55% (range, 0%-100%; interquartile range, 75%). Inter- and intraobserver reproducibility of the thrombus-T2* relaxation time was excellent (>0.9). The Spearman rank correlation test found a significant inverse correlation between thrombus-T2* relaxation time and red blood cell content (ρ = -0.834, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: MR imaging quantitative T2* mapping can reliably identify the thrombus red blood cell content in vitro. This fast, easy-to-use sequence could be implemented in routine practice to predict stroke etiology and adapt devices or techniques for endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke.

Two-Layered Susceptibility Vessel Sign and High Overestimation Ratio on MRI Are Predictive of Cardioembolic Stroke.

In a prospective study among patients in the THRombectomie des Artères Cerebrales trial, we analyzed the diagnostic accuracy of 2 imaging biomarkers, the 2-layered susceptibility vessel sign and a high overestimation ratio, obtained on pretreatment brain T2* sequences, to identify cardioembolic stroke etiology (107/260 patients). In combination, these 2 biomarkers, on 1.5T or 3T systems (159 and 101 patients, respectively), demonstrated high specificity (0.77 at 1.5T and 1 at 3T) and their simultaneous presence is highly associated with cardioembolism.

A quantitative and semi-automatic measurement of transverse sinus stenosis improves idiopathic intracranial hypertension diagnostic accuracy.

We propose a new reliable transverse sinus stenosis (TSS) index based on magnetic resonance venography (MRV) for the diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). Our quantitative semi-automatic measurement analysis based on segmentation and cross-sectional TS diameter from 48 IIH patients and controls matched for age and sex, had a good inter-observer agreement (κ=0.729) compared to a visual examination (κ=0.467). A cut-off point≥2 discriminate IIH patients from controls, with a sensitivity and specificity of 100%.

Multicenter initial experience with the EmboTrap device in acute anterior ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Mechanical thrombectomy predominantly using stent retrievers effectively restores cerebral blood flow and improves functional outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke. We sought to determine the safety and efficacy of mechanical thrombectomy using the EmboTrap device. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified 80 consecutive patients from 4 centers with acute ischemic stroke treated with EmboTrap from June 2015 to December 2016. All patients had confirmed large vessel occlusions in the anterior circulation using CT or MR angiography with salvageable tissue. We assessed baseline characteristics and treatment related parameters including onset-to-treatment time, recanalization success (mTICI 2b or greater), complications, and good clinical outcome (mRS 0 to 2). RESULTS: Successful recanalization was achieved in 72 patients (90%). When considering the use of a second thrombectomy device as failure, the EmboTrap successfully recanalized 65 patients (81%), with complete (mTICI 3) recanalization in 40 patients (50%) within 1 or 2 passes. Median procedure time (groin to recanalization) was 35 minutes (8-161 minutes). During the procedure, distal emboli in previously unaffected territories were found in 5 (6%) patients. There were 3 vasospasms (4%) and no vessel perforations. Intracranial hemorrhage on CT at day 1 was found in 18 17 (2321%) patients, none with subarachnoid hemorrhages, and 5 were symptomatic (6%). Good clinical outcome occurred in 4749/68 78 patients (6963%). CONCLUSIONS: In this multicenter retrospective study, the EmboTrap device achieved high recanalization rates, good clinical outcomes and was safe in treating acute stroke patients with large vessel occlusions.

Evaluation of S100B blood level as a biomarker to avoid computed tomography in patients with mild head trauma under antithrombotic medication.

PURPOSE: The goal of this prospective study was to analyze the potential of S100B protein as a negative predictive marker for intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) after mild head trauma (MHT) in patient under antithrombotic medication. METHODS: Patients under antithrombotic medication who had MHT were consecutively included in this study. S100B blood levels were determined from samples drawn within 6hours after injury and were analyzed with the results of head CT performed within the 24hours after injury. Sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV) and positive predictive value (PPV) of S100B levels for the detection of ICH, with a cut-off set at 0.105µg/L, were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 308 patients (151 men and 157 women) with a mean age of 79.1±10.5years (SD) were included in the analysis. CT was positive for the presence of ICH in 33 patients (10.7%; 95% CI: 7.5-14.7%). In the study population, S100B showed a sensitivity of 84.8% (95%CI: 68.1-94.9%), a specificity of 30.2% (95% CI: 24.8-36.0%), a NPV of 94.3% (95% CI: 87.2-98.1%), and a PPV of 12.7% (95% CI: 8.6-17.9%) for the diagnosis of ICH. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that a S100B serum level<0.105µg/L has a high NPV for ICH after mild head trauma in patients under antithrombotic medication.

MRI quantitative T2* mapping on thrombus to predict recanalization after endovascular treatment for acute anterior ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND: In anterior acute ischemic stroke (AAIS) treated with endovascular treatment (EVT), the susceptibility vessel sign (SVS+ or SVS-) is related to recanalization results (TICI 2b/3) and clinical outcome. However, a binary qualitative assessment of thrombus using SVS does not reflect its complex composition. Our aim was to assess whether a quantitative MRI marker, Thrombus-T2* relaxation time, may be assessable in clinical routine and may to predict early successful recanalization after EVT, defined as a TICI 2b/3 recanalization obtained in 2 attempts or less. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thrombus-T2* relaxation time was prospectively obtained from consecutive AAIS patients treated by EVT (concomitant aspiration and stent retriever). Quantitative values were compared between early recanalization and late or unsuccessful recanalization. RESULTS: Thirty patients with AAIS were included and Thrombus-T2* relaxation time was obtained in all patients. Earlier TICI 2b/3 recanalization were obtained in 22 patients (73%) and was significantly associated with SVS+ (1/8 vs. 16/22, P=0.01) and a shorter Thombus-T2* relaxation time (mean SD, range: 257, 18-50ms vs. 45 9, 35-60ms, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: A new quantitative MRI biomarker, the Thrombus-T2* relaxation time is assessable in clinical routine. In a preliminary study of 30 patients, a shorter Thombus-T2* relaxation time is related to earlier recanalization after EVT using combination of stent retriever and aspiration.

Susceptibility Vessel Sign on MRI Predicts Favorable Clinical Outcome in Patients with Anterior Circulation Acute Stroke Treated with Mechanical Thrombectomy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The susceptibility vessel sign on MR imaging has been reported to indicate acute occlusion from erythrocyte-rich thrombus. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the susceptibility vessel sign seen on MR imaging before treatment on the clinical outcome after mechanical thrombectomy for anterior circulation acute stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively included 73 consecutive patients who were treated for anterior circulation acute stroke by mechanical thrombectomy from December 2009 to September 2013. Each patient underwent MR imaging before mechanical thrombectomy. The presence (susceptibility vessel sign+) or absence of the susceptibility vessel sign (susceptibility vessel sign-) was recorded. Mechanical thrombectomy was performed either alone or in association with IV tPA according to the site and time after occlusion. Good functional outcome was defined by an mRS ≤ 2 at 3 months in susceptibility vessel sign+ and susceptibility vessel sign- groups. Patient clinical characteristics, initial NIHSS score and ASPECTS, site of occlusion, time between onset to groin puncture, TICI after mechanical thrombectomy, NIHSS score at day 1, and spontaneous hyperattenuation on CT at day 1 were also analyzed. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients with susceptibility vessel sign+ and 20 with susceptibility vessel sign- were included in our study. mRS ≤ 2 at 3 months occurred in 65% patients in the susceptibility vessel sign+ group and 26% in the susceptibility vessel sign- group (P = .004). On multivariate analysis, the susceptibility vessel sign was the only parameter before treatment that could predict mRS ≤ 2 at 3 months (OR, 8.7; 95% CI, 1.1-69.4; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: Our study strongly suggests that the susceptibility vessel sign on MR imaging before treatment is predictive of favorable clinical outcome for patients presenting with anterior circulation acute stroke and treated with mechanical thrombectomy.